1984 Nineteen Eighty-four and Big Brother - 1919 Words

8/17/13 1 Winston is restless, and concerned. Hes afraid of getting taught by the Thought Police if they ever found out about him and Julia. Julia is a young, beautiful girl who lives the moment and makes best of life. She is more concerned on having fun than being being in trouble, caught, by the party. In the beginning, Winston didn t like this girl names Julia. She was a bold-looking girl about 27 years old, with thick dark hair, a freckled face. At first Winston didn’t like Julia when he met her but, he didn t know why. He usually didn’t like woman that were young and pretty. Soon Winston realized that he didn’t like her because she had something he didn’t, which was a young, beautiful, strong woman. Winston knew there†¦show more content†¦He’s a thin and frail man, and he has a varicose vain on his leg. He starts writing a diary, with his thoughts and memories. But, by doing that, he is committing a crime: â€Å"Whether he wrote DOW N WITH BIG BROTHER, or whether he refrained from writing it, made no difference. Whether he went on with the diary, or whether he did not go on with it, made no difference. The Thought Police would get him just the same. He had committed—would still have committed, even if he had never set pen to paper—the essential crime that contained all others in itself. Thoughtcrime, they called it. Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed for ever. You might dodge successfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they were bound to get you†. (Orwell 19). One day he met Julia and made love. They had a secret hiding spot so they wouldn t get caught by the Thought Police. Julia is a 26-year-old Party member who works in the Fiction Department of the Ministry of Truth. She has dark eyes and hair, and she is very athletic. Julia doesn t worry about problems, she makes the best of the past and cheat the party with small crimes. She secretly despises the pa rty and makes love for Winston. By having these affairs, lead them closer to imprisonment. Both Julia and Winston are arrested and tortured in the Minister of Love. Winston and Julia leave the Minister of Love. O Brien was a mysterious and powerful person. He was also a member of the Inner Party. AtShow MoreRelated1984: Nineteen Eighty-four and Big Brother Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pageswhich independent thinking is a crime punishable by death, the government does not think of the common good by which all of the society will benefit, and the leaders are self-serving. Big Brother doesnt need to justify its ways because it holds all of the power in society through its ministries. In the novel, 1984 by George Orwell, there is one theme that stands out the most from the point of view from Winston, the main theme of the book is that government’s intentions are not benevolent, but self-servingRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four1651 Words   |  7 PagesGeography class and I was particularly interested with this topic. The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four perfectly fits my interest since it’s about governments and propagandas. As a result, I chose my research question to be: â€Å"How and why does the Party use propaganda? How does this compare to some of the modern propagandas used across the world during not only World War II but during current times as well?†. The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian fiction novel written by George Orwell. The story takesRead MoreNazi Germany, The Power Of Language1286 Words   |  6 PagesLachlan Milligan â€Æ' Nazi Germany, the Power of Language The power of language is a central aspect which needs to be controlled in order to maintain a functioning society in the worlds of Nineteen Eighty-four and Nazi Germany. George Orwell warns his readers about the power of language through Nineteen Eighty-four and how destroying/altering history, controlling the youth and the use of pin pointing an enemy can impact society. As readers, we are able to see Orwell’s negative point of view concerningRead MoreCriticism on George Orwells 1984869 Words   |  4 Pagescritics of cruel commands, because creative people can be dangerous to totalitarian control. The critical essay â€Å"George Orwell and the Mad World: The Anti-Universe of 1984† by Ralph A. Ranald discusses the theme of controlled madness and of a reverse society in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. Ranald argues that Nineteen Eighty-Four is about â€Å"†¦religion reversed, law and government reversed, and above all, language reversed: not simply corrupted, but reversed† (Ranald 251). He refers to WinstonRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis on Nineteen Eighty-Four1044 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR Nineteen Eighty Four: A Critical Essay on Rhetoric Bereket Kifle Composition 12 Honors Abstract George Orwell employs the usage of different rhetoric throughout 1984.  Ã‚  The rhetoric differs from describing the human body and its struggle to survive to the different crimes and how the citizens felt about them.  Ã‚  Also, within  1984  lies a warning from Orwell: to eliminate the caustic consequences of a communist government.  Ã‚  While OrwellRead MoreNineteen Eighty Four : A Warning For The Future1123 Words   |  5 PagesRob Trapp Mr. Garland Novel Seminar 14 October 2015 Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Warning For The Future Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian novel written by George Orwell in the late 40’s. At the time when Orwell started writing Nineteen Eighty-Four, WWII was just coming to an end. The late 40’s was also the start of the Cold War. The Cold war brought along much fear of communist governments, such as the Soviet Union, becoming a world power. Orwell was one of the people who feared a dictatorship comingRead MoreCensorship in 1984 by George Orwell1321 Words   |  6 Pagescourage, or integrity. You will be hollow. We shall squeeze you empty and then we shall fill you with ourselves. In 1984 the Party uses various tactics to manipulate the inhabitants of Oceania as well as those of Nazi Germany. A common form of control in both the Party and the Nazi empire was the use of children for fulfilling the will of their respective government. In Orwell’s novel 1984 Winston claims that, â€Å"It was almost normal for people over thirty to be frightened of their own children. AndRead More orwells political message to the world Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pages Many authors bring in the theme of politics into their work in order to make their creations more appealing and as a form of expressing their personal views. George Orwell’s â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-four† is a novel that contains many political messages to the world. Orwell felt that part of his role as a writer is to serve as a voice of conscience to our society by trying to express the truth as he saw it. The novel was written in a crucial time period in modern history after the Second World War and atRead More1984 by George Orwell Essay822 Words   |  4 Pages1984 by George Orwell George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four is the ultimate negative utopia. Written in 1949 as an apocalyptic vision of the future, it shows the cruelty and pure horror of living in an utterly totalitarian world where all traces of individualism are being abolished. This novel was composed to denounce Hitler?s Germany and Stalin?s Russia and to create a warning to the rest of the world. It takes the reader through a year in the life of Winston Smith as he transforms from a rebelRead MoreAnimal Farm And 19841457 Words   |  6 Pagesthese books were Nineteen - Eighty -Four and Animal Farm, which were his works that most obviously portrayed his disfavor for totalitarian governments. Totalitarian governments are controlled by political authorities who have control of all aspects of society. Nineteen-Eighty-Four and Animal Farm are two different books that have different ways of expressing the same theme. For example, Animal Farm is constructed on a farm and the characters are animals and Nin eteen - Eighty - Four is set in a society

Does Media Enhance Cross Cultural Communication - 2116 Words

This is an argumentative essay based on a contrast between two different notions, which are as follow, â€Å"does media enhance cross cultural communication and â€Å"exposure to difference† or reinforce the unity of familiar groups†. Before a conclusion can be made, both notions have to be put under scrutiny, And considering the focus of this argument is social media, this essay would go ahead to show every criterion surrounding it. Social media has drastically changed the way he humans communicate. Not very long ago we communicated through hand written mails to be delivered by post, in person and by landline telephone. Today, we use instant messaging social networks like twitter, face book, Google mail to converse with people. We leave voice messages, talk through Bluetooth earpiece, online video calls via face time or Skype and of course, interact through the means of the Internet where a plethora of social media tools has redefined the means of communication (Olason Pollard, 2004)). Such redefinition has had an immense effect. The absolute paradigm of social media has modified the elemental rules of communication, most especially between the audiences of businesses. The one- way communication forms of the recent businesses in the past have been reintegrated by a more potent multidimensional communication model With its idiosyncratic features, social media has brought human society to a profoundly interconnec ted and convoluted level, but it simultaneously challenges theShow MoreRelatedCommunication Barriers in the Workplace1113 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication barriers in the workplace Communication is the conveyance and flow of ideas from one person to another. The exchange of information takes place through letters, words, symbols and nonverbal behaviors. It involves the transmission of ideas from the sender to the receiver. Communication is effective only if the receiver fully understands the transmitted information. Many problems and failures occur in organizations due to poor communication. Objective and goals fail due to misunderstandingsRead MoreBusiness Communication Trends1664 Words   |  7 Pages BUSINESS COMMUNICATION TRENDS More often than not, business depends on communication. A good communication trend enhances understanding in businesses. People must communicate to plan products and services; hire, train, and motivate workers; coordinate manufacturing and delivery; persuade customers to buy; and bill them for the sale. In every organization, communication is the way people get their points across and get work done. Business communication helps organizations and the peopleRead MoreFraternization2079 Words   |  6 Pagesimplications of being a loner, or of close fraternization on, and off, the job. The perception of you from those in the workplace affects promotions, a firm’s communication culture, formation of cliques, and dating. An organization’s policies may also have rules governing workplace fraternization. We will focus on these areas. So how does being an office loner or fraternizing with other employees apply to an organization’s policies? Due to experience and evidence of how fraternization affects theRead MoreHeritage Assessment Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pageswill assess and discuss the usefulness of applying the Heritage Assessment tool to evaluate three different families each one from different cultural backgrounds consisting of Greek, Italian, and Hispanic ethnicities. This paper will also compare similarities and differences related to health maintenance, health protection and health restoration and the cultural uniqueness of each individual interviewed. The Heritage Assessment tool is a very useful tool. It appears simplistic in its developmentRead MoreCultural And Religious Beliefs Of The United States1488 Words   |  6 PagesHealth care providers need an understanding of and appreciation for the cultural and religious beliefs of all patients to provide optimal care for them. As the United States population increases, so does the number of American Muslims. As a result physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals will more frequently encounter Muslim patients. Nationwide there are approximately 6 to 8 million Muslim Americans. Muslims face several barriers when communicating with other individuals. Read MoreConflict, Conflict And Power Issues On Organizational Life And The Practice Of Social Work1299 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough difficult situations and find solutions to the conflicts in way that is agreeable to all involved. Compromising is another conflict management style that will likely have a better result than a win/lose situation due to negotiations but it does not quite produce win/win scenarios. All parties must give up something, in favor of an agreed happy medium. Although this style is quicker than collaboration, it will also likely result in less commitment to the outcome. Accommodating is the lastRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Globalization Essays1584 Words   |  7 Pagesand political aspects of the economy (ibid). Enhancement in technology is the key driving force of globalization. Advancement in technology especially the growth of internet and telecommunication infrastructure has facilitated an easy method of communication and conducting business globally and creating global markets. Moreover the interconnections of economies will increase both opportunities for the business and competition among them. Zhu (2009) argues that globalization has two different partsRead MoreThe International Level Through Foreign Language Acquisition And Increased Global Cultural Knowledge1634 Words   |  7 Pagescollaborate at the international level through foreign language acquisition and increased global cultural knowledge. New generations bring new ideas, goals and standards, thus the rational ignorance of American citizens will further prevent the United State s from developing at its highest level. Keeping up with the global competition will require a transformation in societal perspectives, with help from the media, as well as different educational focuses beginning at the elementary level. The United StatesRead MoreRole of Media in Tourism9761 Words   |  40 Pages   The   Role   of   Media   Communications   in   Developing   Tourism   Policy   and   Cross†Cultural   Communication   for   Peace,   Security   for   Sustainable  Tourism  Industry  in  Africa               Author:  Wilson  Okaka  Ã‚   Lecturer  (Communications  and  Environment  Programmes)   Kyambogo  University  Kampala†(Uganda)   Telephones:  [Office:  256†414†3771775]  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  [Mobile:  256†078†2588846]   Email:  nupap2000@yahoo.com                  Paper  Presented  at  the  4th  International  Institute  of  Peace  through   Tourism  (IIPT)  African  Conference  on  Peace  through  Tourism  at  Read MoreDetecting Deception in Nonverbal Communication Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesUsing nonverbal communication during deception can be seen through body language like hand gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact. Research remains inconclusive as to whether or not one can restrain facial expressions to deceive. The results derived from micro momentary coding revealed that facial actions can be reduced, but not eliminated, and that instructions to suppress on element of the expression resulted in reduction in all facial movement, regardless of veracity. (Hurley, Frank,

Lucretia Mott free essay sample

Nowadays, this simple statement is a part of our everyday thought. Back in the 1800’s, it was the complete opposite. African American’s were not treated equally; they were forced as slaves with no rights or opinions. Women also were not treated equally; they were deprived of rights that men had such as the ability to vote. Many people were outraged and fought out in a violent way, such as the civil war. Yet others had a different approach and fought out in a nonviolent way, otherwise known as civil disobedience. Lucretia Mott was a Quaker born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, who acted out in civil disobedience against the inequality of slaves and women. She set the foundation for the generations to come by raising awareness on anti-slavery and women’s rights. Her acts of civil disobedience eventually led to the women’s right to vote, and the freedom of slaves. Lucretia Mott committed many acts of civil disobedience throughout her lifetime. We will write a custom essay sample on Lucretia Mott or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She gave speeches and sermons on anti-slavery and womans rights, she organized many conventions and was involved with many anti-slavery and womans rights associations, and she participated in acts against the government. Lucretia was known for her ability to give memorable speeches within her religious group, even though it was a period of time when women we not supposed to speak publicly. She used her speeches inform people on the horrors of slavery. She encouraged her listeners to boycott products that were made by slaves. She also used her speeches to inform people on the nonexistent womans rights. Lucretia published her speech, â€Å"Discourse on Women† arguing that women should have equal rights and that she wanted changes in the married womans property laws. She also organized many conventions and was involved with many associations. In 1866 Lucretia was elected the president of the American Equal Rights Association, an association that focused on giving rights to anyone, no matter race or gender. She also helped establish the Womans Rights Convention at Seneca Falls in 1848. The convention emphasized the role of women in society, and Mott was a speaker. She also attended the Worlds Anti-Slavery Convention in London, England, in which she was kicked out because of her gender. Lastly, Lucretia participated in acts against the government. The United States Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, claiming that any runaway slave must be returned to their master. Mott and others opened then opened their houses in the underground railroad, temporarily housing slaves. Lucretia had many reasons to why she wanted to play such a big role in anti-slavery and womans suffrage movements. She wanted to educate others, to make a change, and growing up she was against slavery. Mott’s religion taught her that education was important for both men and women. She wanted to educate other citizens on the harshness of slaves and how unfair the inequality between races and gender really were. Her ultimate goal was to leave an imprint on peoples minds about the inequality and change their minds. She also wanted to make a change. She wanted everyone to join her on getting the laws changed once and for all. She needed more people to side with her and the other womans suffrage advocates in order to really make a change, and change was what she wanted. She wanted everyone to be treated equal, and without change that would not be able to happen. Growing up Mott was immediately turned against slavery. She read a book about the slave trade and was horrified about the harsh realities. Once again comes the point of how she wanted everyone to be treated equal. She wanted equality and she needed to put an end to slavery. Everything Lucretia did was for a purpose, whether the outcome she wanted came immediately, or if it came later on in history. The short term results of Lucretia Motts acts of civil disobedience happened quickly and made an impact. She raised awareness to citizens about her causes. Lucretia was known for her ability to speak in public even though it was discouraged while she was growing up. A lot of people were willing to listen to her because of her strength in public speaking. She left a mark in peoples minds and ultimately raised awareness about the evils of slavery and the inequality between men and women. She also set footprints for the future generations to come. A lot of big results to her actions did not come until years later, but she set the foundation for future generations to build off of. The long term results are evident. Slavery was eventually abolished, and women were eventually granted the right to vote, and with that came the growing equality between men and women. The consequences of Lucretia’s actions were not evident. She was never largely punished for her civil disobedience. She was denied enterance to the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London, England, because of her gender. The unjust law she was trying to break was forced upon her. Lucretia Mott was a very influential person in history by her acts of civil disobedience. She stood up for what she believed in, and because of that everyone is treated equal today. Her acts of civil disobedience were worth it because of her influence on the future generations. She started a nonviolent revolution against the unjust laws of slavery and womans suffrage, and it has continually lived on ever since.

The Night Sky free essay sample

A short story I wrote back in the 6th grade. Only constructive criticism, please. Dear Owen, That was a rough Journey! Even making my way back to the hotel room alone was hard. For a moment I knew I wasnt being able to breathe. I cant believe God had kept me alive for this. Our last meeting, a blessing! The night sky is gazing at me. The starlit sky, the most beautiful one Id ever seen. It was the last twilit sky that I will never be alive to see again. Ah.. Gods creation. I never really thought about it that way. God has blessed us with so many wonderful wings. He gave us all we could ever wish for. And today he has fulfilled my last wish. The night sky led me into a flashback of the past. I remember the day I met you. Ten years ago, I came to this island with my friends for a holiday. We will write a custom essay sample on The Night Sky or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was one night at a bonfire party at the beach, we were all dancing around the fire, and you were there, sitting on the log and playing the bass. I was already crushing on you, and I knew you liked me too! Remember you followed me back to this hotel room that night? You asked me to be your girl. You said it was love at first sight! My friends said that I was stupid to fall for all your wonderful charms. But did I care? Focuses not. They didnt really matter to me anymore, coos then I had you. Everything, everyday after that day felt like a dream. My life was a consecration to you. Four years later, we were married and you told me that you had to go to China for one week for business purposes. Two weeks had passed but I received no word from you. I thought the company held you back for some reason. I was also as stupid to think that youd surprise me by showing up all of a sudden. Days passed by, some of which seemed never-ending. I was already a half-dead person then. Sitting on the window seat, waiting for you to walk up the porch, come running to me and hug me tightly. That feeling filled my heart with warm delight. But it never happened. I was dumbfounded- I couldnt find any explanations as to why you did that to me, so I tried to make myself believe that you must have had a reason. That it was my fault, and you left me because of something I did- never would I have anticipated that you would leave me for another woman. I cited to move on with my life with a broken heart. A few years later, however, I received a letter from you saying that you were sorry for what you did and you still loved me. It was unexpected; I thought I would never hear from you again. You asked me to meet you the following year on the island where we first met. I didnt know whether I could trust you with my heart again, but I thought it was worth a try. I was eager for that day to come, eager to see you again, and to be in your arms, because even though you betrayed me and crushed my heart there was not an ounce f doubt in my heart that you would do it again. I was weak for you. Thank god you didnt disappoint me, and now you wont even have the chance to. I say this because, last year, while I was at work, I and a seizure. I was torched to bed-rest tort six months in order to recover. A few months later I found out that I have cancer. Now you know why I wasnt delighted when you told me I had lost a massive amount of weight. It meaner that bit by bit my health is deteriorating. Im sorry for keeping this a secret, love. The moon reminds me of your face. Always taunting and teasing me but still so very sweet. The twilight is indeed beautiful. But now the sky is pitch dark. A few faraway stars are twinkling, and its reflected upon the ocean. There were two stars close to each other, twinkling bright. It reminded me of us, how happy we were. The sky was like a good dose of medicine. It healed me in the inside but I could barely keep looking at it. But I am trying to keep my eyes open. Tallest as long as it takes to finish writing this letter. I have a feeling that if I let go, I might never be able to get back again. My time on this earth is short. You know it now. The oxygen tank is a trustworthy friend, supplying me with fresh 02 when my lungs cant provide. The wheelchair is also something I could lean on when I need support. The sky is still peaceful, Owen. But now I feel like I cant take it anymore. The pain. It feels like something is ripping out my heart. Truly unbearable. It is too much for me to handle. The sky is beautiful but it is still black. Like a black hole, waiting to suck me into it. I feel like it is pulling me. Some certain magnetism. Something which gravity couldnt control. The stars are my only hope but they too are beginning to fade. And my grasp on this pen is loosening up. I cannot force myself anymore. I have to let go. I must get ready for my final departure. The ants trail across this desk I write upon ended a while back, and my life too, shall come to an end. Hearing you say my name one last time would have been nice. But I have had enough. Im sorry if this time you are the one who feels cheated. If you are still reading this Just know that I have the energy to write a few more words; l love you, I always have, and will. Chloe.

Biology Molecule essays

Biology Molecule essays -man is high 50s to 60% water -distribution in body divided into 3 compartments: 2) intercellular/interstitial fluid - 11 litres - 80% -waters properties result from its structure and molecular interactions -polar covalent bonds and asymmetrical shape give it opposite charges on -electrons spend more time around O giving H a slight positive charge -hydrogen bonds form between the oxygen of one molecule and the -cohesion: substance being held together by hydrogen bonds -hydrogen bonds are transient yet enough is always held together to give water more structure than almost any other liquid -beads and meniscus formed by cohesion (also helps upward transport of -adhesion counteracts downward pull of gravity -water has greater surface tension than most liquids -surface molecules are hydrogen bonded to molecules below and around -surface tension can hinder life (i.e. beading in the alveoli of lungs) -makes water unwettable -surfactants used to counteract this -water has a high specific heat which allows it to resist extreme temperature -has a high heat of vaporization that causes it to require alot of energy to -when sweating, heat energy is utilized to change states from liquid to gas, -as a solid water is less dense than as a liquid and will float -charged regions of molecules have an electrical attraction to charged ions -water surrounds ions separating and shielding them from one another -polar compounds are generally soluble -charged regions of water are attracted to oppositely charged regions of -polar molecules are miscible in other polar liquids -most water molecules dont dissociate (~ 1/554 million do) -hydrogen atom in hydrogen bond between the two water molecules may shift from the oxygen atom it is covalently bonded to the unshared orbitals of the oxygen that it is hydrogen bonded to -hydrogen ion is transferred creating a hydronium io...

What You Need to Know About the SAT Chemistry Subject Test

What You Need to Know About the SAT Chemistry Subject Test The SAT Chemistry Test or SAT Chemistry Subject Test is an optional single-subject test that you can take to showcase your understanding of chemistry. You might choose to take this test if you are applying to college to study science or engineering. The test is intended to help you with the college admission process. SAT Chemistry Test Basics Here are some important facts about the SAT Chemistry Subject Test: 60 minutes (one hour) long.85 multiple choice questions.Offered Oct, Nov, Dec, Jan, May, Jun.A calculator is not permitted.The periodic table is provided.All units are metric.Only simple numerical calculations are required.Scoring is from 200-800. You do not need to get all of the questions correct to get a perfect score. It is expected that students will not have been exposed to every subject covered on the test. Recommended Preparation for the SAT Chemistry Test year of algebrayear of general chemistry, college-prep level or highersome lab experience Topics Covered by the SAT Chemistry Test The percentages given here are approximate. Structure of Matter (25%)States of Matter (16%)Types of Reactions (14%)Stoichiometry (14%)Descriptive Chemistry (12%)Laboratory (8%)Thermochemistry (6%)Equilibrium and Rates of Reactions (5%) This is not a memorization-type test. While students are expected to have an understanding of the fundamental concepts of chemistry, most of the test will involve organizing and interpreting information. With respect to the types of skills that will be needed to succeed with the SAT Chemistry Test, you can expect: 45% application of knowledge35% synthesis of knowledge20% fundamental knowledge and concepts

Women's Rights Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women's Rights - Assignment Example This trend varies in different societies and most commonly practiced in western countries. I would narrate the story about Mrs. Kate Williams who has three children of ages 5, 13, and 20. She is doing job as a General Manager in sales and marketing at a software house called as SOFTEC. She started job around 18 years ago as a trainee engineer in the same company. Ever since then, she never looked back and kept on climbing the stairs of success in job. The way she managed her responsibilities for her family as well as job sets the example for all women in the world. When Mrs. Kate Williams gave birth to her first child, her family was suffering from financial crisis. Her husband was doing a job as a clerk in a small firm and his income wasn’t enough to meet the expenses of the family. The brave lady started looking for jobs herself while motivating his husband also to switch to some better job. As her first child turned two, she got the job in SOFTEC with reasonable amount of salary. But the real problem with doing job was to manage time for her husband as well as her young kid who needed her love and affection desperately. She couldn’t leave her kid all alone at home while she is at job. So, parents hired a maid for taking care of the baby around the clock. Moreover, mother kept on asking about her baby off and on from the office. She could also see her baby remotely from video chat software that maid could operate easily. The problems don’t end with initial phases only. Mrs. Kate Williams had to spend more time as she grew in experience as more responsibilities were assigned to her. With pregnancy periods for other two children, she had to continue her work at home for three months that included answering calls of customers, and designing software for them from home. She also had to give time to her school going eldest child for training him in school education. Husband also needs the company of her wife as he returns

Poetic Understatement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poetic Understatement - Essay Example In crafting â€Å"99 things to do before you die†, Nila northSun selects a title that draws the readers’ attention with the promise of learning about those things that are imperative to accomplishing fulfillment in life. The poem references a list published in â€Å"Cosmo mag† of â€Å"99 things to do before you die†, and goes on to explain how the magazine targeted a specific audience—rich people (northern). The poem lists several of the line items included in the cosmo list including â€Å"div[ing] off a yacht in the Aegean†, â€Å"go[ing] to Monaco for the Grand Prix†, and â€Å"buy[ing] around the world air ticket† (northern). However, the purpose of the poem is less about how to live a fulfilling life than it is about the socio-economic and cultural disparities that exist across regions and ethnic groups within the United States of America. The author communicates this disparity directly as well as indirectly. The question, â€Å"so what’s a poor Indian to do?† is a direct way of indicating that the Indian may not be in a financial situation to accomplish the goals listed by Cosmo. northSun indicates that many of the line items on the Cosmo list are â€Å"things only rich people could do† (northern). The cosmo mag list appears to assume that readers will have access to a certain level of wealth. The magazine ignores the fact that many may never be able to pursue the activities described due to financial constraints. northern highlights this point in the statement, â€Å"we certainly know you don’t have to be rich before you die†, indicating that many are born poor and die never having had a change in financial status. To communicate disparity indirectly, northSun creates a list deemed more â€Å"culturally relevant† (northern).  

The Teachings of Confucius and Dao Essay Example for Free

The Teachings of Confucius and Dao Essay Confucius stressed that a harmonious society can be created through the practice of Li. Discuss how this is possible by using the Five Relationships concepts. What is the Five Relationships? * In Confucianism, it’s between superior and inferior person. They are ruler – subject, husband – wife, father – son, older brother – younger brother, and elder friend – younger friend. * Each has a formal responsibility to carry out toward the other. The husband has responsibility for li toward his wife as she has an obligation for li toward him. The family is formally structured among males. * Friendships outside the family are ritually governed. * Relationship between ruler and subject entail obligations on each side. * Younger people learn from their elders and the elders learn from observing the junzi. In summary, there are five distinctive qualities or virtues in the junzi. (1) Humans exert their uprightness regardless of outward circumstances. (2) Humans are magnanimous, expressing forgiveness toward others. Humans are not to be ruled by laws but follow an internal principle. (3) Humans are sincere in speech and action and are not a mouthpiece for hire. Their world is their bond. (4) Humans are earnest. They want to be rather than seem to be. Genuine good work replaces the mere appearance of it (5) Humans are benevolent, always generous in their relationship with people. Why Confucius think education is important? * Li present as the principle of harmony that should rule the home, the society and the empire. Li has to do with ritual, the correct formal way to behave in religious rites or in court ceremonies. * Li applied to the naturally good human being yield yi, which is the personalization of Li. * Yi is internalized Li. When humans internalize the rites, selfishness is overcome and benevolence takes its place. They act on what is appropriate to themselves and to their position in society. They attain the mean that gives harmony. * Confucius taught that Li is learned in studying rites and music, which included poetry. Music is required study, as its performance accompanied all ceremonies, whether religious sacrifice, court assembly or family entertainment. Harmony in music reflects harmony in society and the universe. * Ren (jen) is humaneness, the quality of being a genuine human being to other human beings. This quality of human kindness is in balance with Li and Yi – to keep formalism from destroying the highest and best possibilities of human personalities. Ren seeks the good of others as well as the self. * In Confucianism, Shu is reciprocity which means individuals treating others as they would like to be treated. They do not do to others what they would not want done to themselves. Taoism Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) * A later Daoist and he wrote Dao De Jing to distinguish Daoism from Confucianism. * Also known for the philosophical questions he raises regarding the experience of dreaming. Beneath the apparently simple questions lie some profound questions about what is real and how to know what is real. * For example, Chuang Chou (Chuang Tzu) dreamed that he was a butterfly, a butterfly fluttering about, enjoying itself. It did not know that is Chuang Chou. But suddenly, he awake and he did not know whether he was Chuang Chou who had dreamed that he was a butterfly or whether he was a butterfly dreaming that he was Chuang Chou. Between Chuang Chou and the butterfly, there must be some distinction. That is what is called the transformation of things. According to Daoism, societies suffer when they disregard the Dao. Interpret the statement with you own opinion. In my own opinion, yes, societies suffer when they disregard the Dao. Societies suffers because of disharmony with the nature and universe. * Suffering comes from trying to conquer nature, altering the way of the universe and establishing artificial human organizations. * Artificial needs to develop and value foreign to natural order to entice humans away from the source of their peace and harmony. * Civilization is an enemy of the contented human. Humans| * The best human is natural human. * Humans are essentially good and can enjoy a good life in the world. * They should seek to live as long as long as possible, old age is a sign of wisdom in fulfilling the proper human role. * People should not be forced into educations, rituals, social organization and etiquette. * Humans are best when they were born weak and simple. | Problem| * Their disharmony with the universe. * Suffering comes from trying to conquer nature, altering the way of the universe and establishing artificial human organizations. * Artificial needs to develop and value foreign to natural order to entice humans away from the source of their peace and harmony. * Civilization is an enemy of the contented human. | Solution| * Human solve their problem by returning to a simple life. * Living in harmony with the nature, either in a forest or in a small village, is the best way for a person to resolve tensions and experience peace of body and soul. * A good, long life is the reward of those who learn to go with the flow of the Dao. |

Sister Carrie :: essays research papers

In August of 1889, Carrie Meeber leaves her small town to find employment in the city of Chicago. Theodore Dreiser, the author of Sister Carrie, informs the reader that, "Self-interest with her was high, but not strong. It was nevertheless her guiding characteristic.". With her youth and innocence she hopes to seek employment so that she can get and buy all the nice things that she wants. Carrie does not have any idea how hard this is going to be. When she tries to find a job, she is scared. Carrie has no skills to offer an employer, no job experience, and her clothing was of poor quality. Chicago was a large city, but society at that time did not have many job opportunities for working women. The only jobs that Carrie could possibly get were in the factories that, paid low wages, had poor working conditions, and long hours. She knew that after she paid rent to her brother-in-law, she would have very little left to buy all the beautiful things that she longed for. When Carrie took the job at the shoe factory, she did not like the hard work and considered the other women who worked there to be common. When winter arrived, Carrie got sick and stayed home from work which caused her to lose her job. On the train to Chicago, Carrie had met a traveling salesman, Charlie H. Drouet. She is impressed by the way he talks and dresses. When they meet again, Drouet is aware of her beauty and innocence and he hopes to charm and seduce her. He "lends" Carrie money to buy nice winter clothes, treats her to fine meals, takes her to the theater, and shows her the sights of Chicago. Because Carrie is young and inexperienced in the world of men, she is not wise enough to understand where all Drouet's attention is leading toward. Although she senses that the money should be given back, her desire and longing for the good things in life are so powerful that she ignores her beliefs in what is right and wrong. Unable to find another job, Carries is forced to make a decision, returning to Wisconsin or letting Drouet keep her as his mistress. Choosing to remain with Drouet was an extraordinary decision. This went against everything society taught. It was unthinkable for any decent woman to live with a man without marriage.

Tata Group

Tata group of companies, it is said that there is Tata in every Indian’s life directly or indirectly. Tata group of companies is India’s largest conglomerate. Tata group is made up of 90 operating companies in seven different industries which makes it India’s largest conglomerate. Tata group was founded by Jamsetji Tata in 1868. The founder of the Tata group was a visionary who was a traveler and loved travelling around the world. Jamsetji Tata was born in a small town of Navsari in Gujarat India. In his early working life, he worked with his dad in his banking firm. He wanted to start a new business, and he did start a trading company while working with his father in his banking firm. Then in he established a textile mill which he named as empress mill as a smart move to avoid any British opposition. This was the first stem to the huge Tata group which it is today. Jamsetji Tata was a traveler and brought many ideas about business in his travel. He saw new things and technology used in other countries in his travel he brought those things and new ideas home and employed them in his company and helped the country in the path of industrialization. Jamsetji Tata created trust and one of these trusts today holds the majority of the shares in the Tata group of companies. Jamsetji Tata’s one of the dream, was to construct a hotel which was the best in India and has to be the most luxuries in India. The Taj Mahal Hotel was the first building in Bombay to use electricity. Jamsetji wanted to build the best hotel in India after he was denied entry in one of the hotels in Bombay because he was Indian. The hotel which was completed, in 1904 was one of the great marvels of Tata group in Jamsetji Tata’s life time (Tata Group, n. d. ). The next big thing which happened in, the progress of the Tata Group was the establishment of iron and steel plant which was the first iron and steel plant in India. It was a challenge to start an iron and steel plant in India as there was an ever present pressure from the British raj. However, Sir Dorab Tata made it the reality when he started the steel plant near Jamshedpur. The new company was called Tata steel, which is the 10th largest steel manufacturer in the world currently. The company was established a century ago by Sir Dorab Tata in 1907. Sir Dorab Tata was also established first hydroelectric power plant which was the beginning of Tata power. Tata power is India’s largest private sector power generating company. One of the best companies in the Tata group ware established in the life time of Sir Dorab Tata. The founders of Tata group where not only the business men but also nationalist. In 1911 after seven years, after the death of Jamsetji Tata the first science instate was established in Bangalore. Where the bright brains of India can cultivate their aspirations in science, and technology. Tata’s ware fully aware of their corporate social responsibility towards society, and their country as whole (Tata group, n. d. ). The institute established by the Tata’s is today’s premier research and development institute which is in Bangalore. In its 375 acres campus, the Indian Institute of science hosts 40 departments and centers of various fields of science. Institute constantly performs research and development of cutting edge science in association with space research organization and defense research organization. Tata institute of fundamental research is one of the best research institute in the country. There are many such institutes which where the vision of the founders of Tata group, which are serving the country and society as a whole. Tata Group is also known for employee satisfaction. Tatas ware first to introduce the 8 hour working day in 1912 long before it was introduced in the western countries, they were first to introduce the provident funds which is a kind of savings account in which a certain percentage of pay is deducted, and deposited in the account, and the same percentage of the amount is matched by the employee, and deposited in same provident fund account, this was a kind of social security which was way ahead of its time. Provident fund was made compulsory by the Indian government for every company after 1952. Tata group in their process of employee satisfaction has constructed cities. Jamshedpur is very good example of the fastest growing and developing city in the country, is founded by the Tata group, to provide housing facility for the workers working in countries first steel plants, and it is named after the founder of Tata group Jamsetji Tata. With the death, of Sir Dorab Tata In 1932 Tata group lost its one of the great leaders. Sir Nowroji Tata became the chairmen of the group. By this time, Tata Group was in many business and industries. However, Sir Nowroji Tata died in 1038, and the responsibility of the company was on young 34 year old JDR Tata. JDR Tata came with new ideas, to further expanded the company. JRD Tata was the first in the country to get a commercial pilot’s license. He was the one who took the Indian in to the aviation age the first commercial aviation company was established by JDR Tata. The Tata Airlines was the first airlines of India which is still the largest airlines in the country. However, the Tata airlines was nationalized and is now known as Indian Airlines after the government of India took over the company from Tata group and regulated the aviation market and was the only airlines in the country for a long time. JDR Tata was the chair man of Tata Group for fifty three years and during his leadership Tata Group expanded in new industries. Under JRD Tata’s leadership, the company from independence to 1990 despite stringent regulations and license raj was able to grow constantly and was able to start their business in new areas. Tata started Tata Chemicals in the year 1939. Tata Motors and Tata Industries in 1945, Voltas in 1954 which is manufacturing home appliance, Tata tea, which is one of the largest tea company of the world was established under his leader ship, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) India’s largest Information Technology company by market capitalization was established in the year 1968, and the Titan Industries in the year 1984 (Tata group, n. d. ). JDR Tata steep down from the position of being chair man of that group in 1991. Ratan N. Tata took over the position as the chair person of the company and still a chair person of the company. Ratan Tata became the chair person in the mist of new economic reforms in the country where government removed many restrictions. The Indian government lifted many regulations to do business and started the end of the license raj. New entry of international origination gave competition in many industries to the Tata group. Tata group had new arena to do business in this newly freed market. Tata Group, one of the old and strong business groups whose business has seen many rough time the company in 1990 at last able to operate in a free market where it can perform to its full potential. Tata group was started as a modest trading company by the founder Jamsetji Tata is now one of India’s Biggest Company. Tata Group consists of 90 operating company which consists of communication, Information technology, chemicals, consumer products, engineering, materials, and many more industries (Tata Group, n. d. ). Tata Group is based in Mumbai India is not just an Indian company it is a global enterprise. Tata Group earns more revenues from operations outside India then that from the domestic market with in India. Tata Group earns 57 percent of its revenue, which is, $67. billion in 2009-2010 came from business outside India and rest form the business in the country. Out of 90 company the company has 28 publicly listed companies whose market capitalization is of around $98. 11 billion. The company has the share holder base of 3. 5 million. The Tata group is present in 85 countries worldwide and employees around 395,000 people worldwide (Tata Group, n. d. ). The present chairman of Tata group is Ratan Tata he is the chairman of Tata Sons the promoting company of Tata group and hence the chair man of Tata Group. Ratan Tata was born on December 28, 1937 he is the grandson of the founder Jamsetji Tata. He was raised by his grandmother Navajibai. He has done bachelors in architecture from Cornell University in 1962. He has further studied advance management program from Harvard Business School and graduated in 1975. Ratan Tata becomes the chairman of Tata sons and Tata Group in 1990. This was the time when then Indian government decided to open the Indian market to the international competition. Then Indian government also opened many industries to the private-sector investment. Tata Group being one of the biggest group in India was well in a position to take advantage of the situation presented to them and during the same time Ratan Tata was chosen by JRD Tata as the chairman of Tata group. However, Ratan Tata did not become the chairman of Tata group directly. Initially he got a job offer in IBM which he declined with the advice of JRD Tata. He started first working in Tata steel in Jamshedpur where he worked on the floor making steel in front of blast furnish. This was like a training ground for him for the feature responsibilities (Tata Group, n. . ) Tata Group is headed by a dynamic leader Ratan Tata has two decision making groups. These groups are called Group executive office, and Group corporate center. These groups divide decision-making responsibility. Group executive office, the main objectives of the group executive office are to implement the programs in relation with governance, human resource, etc. group executive office also works to improve the synergistic between various companies within the group and also to improve synergistic between group and individual companies in the group. The current GEO comprises of Ratan Tata, R Gopalakrishnan, Ishaat Hussain, Kishor Chaukar, and Arunkumar Gandhi. (Tata group, n. d. ) The other decision making body in management structure of the company is Group Corporate Center. This decision-making body in management works on promoting the Tata brand in the country, and around the world. The group issues policies for the growth of the company and entry in to a new area of business are reviewed in this decision-making group. Group corporate center also provides advices on financial, human resource, legal, and functional issues as and when necessary to companies in the group. The present members in the group are Ratan Tata the chairman, JJ Irani, RK Krishna Kumar, R Gopalakrishnan, Ishaat Hussain, Kishor Chaukar and Arunkumar Gandhi. The Tata group commits it shelf to the country they operate, and to improve the quality of life of the people who work in the group, and the communities in which Tata group operates its business. Tata group is a value driven company and they believe very strongly in their values, and have five core values which help them as a guide for growth and in the arena business of Tata group. Tata group strongly believes in integrity, and they believe that the business which they perform should be conducted in a fair manner and with honesty. The business process should be transparent. The group also believes in understanding the customer and the employees specially. Tata group strongly believes that in doing business, they should act with compassion and humanity towards the customer to whom they serve and in the internal operation of the company between the colleagues within the company. Tata group thinks that they should do their best in day to day work. They believe that the product, which they provide, to their customer should be of the best quality. They believe that they should raise their standard of works in day to day working. They also believe that they as a group should work more cohesively. It is also important that they work in unity between the companies and their partners around the world. Tata group believes that working in a united manner can result in excellent results, which impact the growth and development of the company, and Tata group as whole. Tata Group thinks it is responsible to the communities in which they operate their business, and it thinks that they are responsible towards the country, in which they operate. Tata group believes, in providing more to the people than what they received from them. Tata group also believes strongly in their code of conduct and do their day of the day operation in accordance with their code of conduct. They have twenty five clauses which make their code of conducts and works as a guide for their operation in day to day operation of the company. Tata group thinks that innovation is the best way to progress and with the innovation they can achieve what they want to achieve in the business. The best example the company has displayed is by Tata motors. The Tata Nano is an example for the innovative side of the Tata group. The nano car, which is the cheapest car in the world, Tata nano costs around 100,000 Indian rupees which translates to around $2500 depending on the present exchange rates. Many in the automotive industry said that the car was impossible to make. It was the brain child of Ratan Tata the chairman of Tata sons and Tata Group. Ratan Tata saw the Indian, middle class family of four crammed on a two-wheeler on a wet road. It is very dangerous to drive on the road in such conditions, especially in India where traffic condition is very bad. Ratan Tata got an idea of making a car which will be affordable to the emerging middle class of India. This engineering challenge which they had been never accomplished in the history of modern day automobile industry. In the early 2003 on the sides of a business meeting, Ratan Tata expressed his wish to make an affordable car for the people of India. This was going to be a challenge, and Ratan Tata knew about it very well. He called five engineers from Tata motors to Bombay house to give them the challenge of doing which was never done before. The team of the engineers did not have any kind of idea about what they are up to and came with the ideas of cheap transport. They only got the idea of the challenge when the chairman him shelf told them about his idea of INR 100,000 cars. The team was given the challenge was going to do something which did not have a bench mark, for next four years they were working on one man’s dream which can affect an entire country of 1. 2 billion people and their safety on the roads. During the process, of building the cheapest car of the world Tata motors has to start completely from the basics of car building. Engineers at Tata motors had to start over as they were not able to get parts from exiting suppliers around the world which can fit within the pries tag of the car. They did what Tata Group is all know about Innovate (Tata Moters , n. . ). Engineers at Tata motors ware able to create the marvel the Tata nan, which is the cheapest car of the world. The car was holding the price tag of INR 100,000 despite the increase in the raw material price. The car was launched on early 2009. The Tata group is not Just accomplished building a car, but in many other business too they have created the cheapest water which do not use the electricity and uses the natural materials and is cheap so that the poor farmers in a remote village can use the water filter which is called Tata Swach. This innovative feat achieved by Tata chemicals was a life changing for many rural population of India where pure water or water purification system are very costly are not cheaply available. The Tata has done it again by innovating and not only providing the solution to the problem but also providing it cheaply so that it can be used by the common Indian. The Tata Group has become the integral part of every Indian’s life is not just confined to India. Tata group is present in 85 countries. Tata group now came to the world stage my major industrial acquisition. The biggest of them all was the acquiring of Cores. Corus was the biggest steel producer of steel in Europe and was a high end steel producer. Tata steel is the low end steel producer as the market demands in India. Tata steel was mainly focused on Indian market was the second largest steel producer in India. There was no presence of Tata steel in Europe before the takeover of the company. This is the biggest takeover by any Indian company in the world. Corus was the second largest steel producer in Europe, Tata when acquired Corus made it the fifth largest steel producer in the world. Tata acquired Corus for $8. 1 billion and promised to fuse funds in Corus pension fund. This over take was also symbolizing the growth of Tata after 1990’s, during this two decades it has expanded in ever growing Indian market and also has stretched its wings in the international market, as well. The only way where it can expand to the world stage is by acquiring other companies, and as done my many Indian companies recently the deal between Tata and Corus was showing the newly found strength in Indian companies around the world. â€Å"One minute world news â€Å", 2006) Tata group did not only acquired the Corus but acquired many other brands or companies around the world. Tata motors have acquired at least one brand or company every since 2004. In 2004 Tata motors acquired the Daewoo motors. The Tata Daewoo has a very big market around the world and sells trucks under the name of Daewoo in South Korea and Pakistan and under Tata name around the world. In 2005 Tata motors acquired, Hispano Carrocera is one of the largest manufacturer of buses in Europe. Tata Motors acquired entire 100 percent stake in the company in 2009. Tata motors become biggest bus manufacturer in Europe with the acquisition of the company. Other big acquisition and most widely know is when Tata motors bought the famous and esteemed British car manufacturer Jaguar with this Tata motors came in European high end car market. Tata now owned the famous brands like Land rover and has truly become a global brand. Tata group has been at the fore front of the overtaking global company recently has also faced with many issues due to the down turn of the global economy. There were few issues not related to the economy but completely different like a terror attack on 26 November 2008 on an iconic Taj Mehal hotel in Mumbai which was constructed by non other than the founder of the group him shelf Jamsetji Tata more than a century ago. The attack was on the one of Mumbai’s land marks and left a historic building badly damaged, it was repaired, and was in service within few months. Tata’s has shown that it is not impossible to keeping on improving performance and growing the company no matter the circumstance exists in the country of operation. They have grown in the company of present day after facing the strict colonial restriction against industries in colony. They have also showed how to grow in an unfriendly environment with government license policy which was to control the industries in the country. The name Tata is said to be in every Indian's life is now on the path to spread its wings around the world, and aspires to become a part of everybody life around the world. References http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6068244.stm http://www.tata.com/htm/heritage/HeritageOption1.html http://www.crimt.org/Publications/CSSS_WP_No58.pdf

Introduction to Civil Law Essay

Since Roman law there has existed an understanding regarding the structure of the body of legal norms, in that legal relations between actors (so†called legal subjects) can mainly be of two kinds. One involves equality between the players: legal subjects are free to enter into the legal relations of their choice, and they have the power to mutually influence the contents of their relation: their rights and obligations. Eventually this happens when persons enter into legal relations with each other as private parties, within their private capacities. Example I.1 When Janis and Inga decide, that Janis will buy Inga’s watch, they both have the option to decide whether or not Janis will buy and Inga will sell the watch – that is to say, whether to make the contract for the sale of Inga’s watch. The same is true of the question of what the major conditions of the deal should be – price, time and place of performance, supplementing services such as whether or not Inga will provide Janis with extra batteries, etc. All these issues are decided by the parties mutually and either of the two parties can at any time say â€Å"no† to what the other party proposes. The same is true of other kinds of private relations, e.g. whether or not they will want to start dating each other and later on be married to each other. Another, quite different set of cases is one in which this equality between the parties does not exist. In those cases one of the parties is subordinated to the other. One of the parties can compel the othe r to enter into a legal relationship with it and dictate the terms. See more: introduction paragraph example For example, when Janis has to pay taxes to the tax authority of his country, he can not say â€Å"no, I do not want to pay taxes, i.e. I do not want to enter into a tax paying relationship with you†. He cannot alter the terms of the relationship with the tax authorities either: he can not say â€Å"oh, I am willing to pay taxes, but less – or at a later time – than required†. Or, if Janis suddenly were to kill someone and the police were to arrest him, then the prosecution to charge and finally the court to sentence him, he can not tell the police, the prosecutor or the court â€Å"leave me alone, I do not want to enter into a legal relationship with you†. In both examples, the nature of the legal relationships – tax law, criminal law and criminal procedural law – is such that the legal subjects are not free to decide whether or not to enter into a legal relationship (pay taxes, be investigated, charged and sentenced) and to influence its content. It is easy to discover that in these examples the representatives of â€Å"the other side† – the tax authority officer, the policeman, the prosecutor, the judge – did not act in their private capacities like Inga when selling her watch to Janis. They acted in a capacity to represent the interests of the public rather than of the private individual. To the tax authority officer as a private person it is likely not to matter whether Janis pays taxes or not; however, to the public interest of the community (the state) whom he represents, it is important that legal subjects pay their due taxes. The policeman may personally not care if Janis killed someone â€⠀œ perhaps for so long as it was nobody the policeman personally knew – but to the wider society it is of primary importance that killers be caught, brought to justice and punished. Thereby, in all these situations it is a public interest that overwrites the equality and freedom of the other party enjoyed in private relations. It is not difficult to recognize that the public interest that prevails over the autonomy of the private individual is represented by the state. In legal relations where the parties act freely, they act in their own private interests as private individuals or in another word as civilians. Thereby, this area of law is named private law or civil law. In cases where one of the parties lacks this freedom whereas the other has a compelling power to bind the other party, it is usually for the interests of the public. Thereby, this area of law is named public law. Private or civil law covers such cases as company law, where relations are between private individuals who want to associate for a common business purpose and set up a company of their own to pursue a profit†making activity; contract law where equals are making deals between thems elves; family law, where private individuals get together for the purposes of establishing a family through marriage, having children and taking care of and raising their children; copyright law, where one individual creates a piece in the literary, artistic or scientific domain for the use and enjoyment of all others in society, etc. Public law covers such areas as public international law, constitutional law, the law of public administration, criminal law, all procedural laws such as criminal procedure and civil procedure, financial law and tax law, etc. The course Comparative administrative and constitutional law, which students have had by the time they encounter their first private law courses, was a good example of public law fields. Note that the dichotomy of private and public law does not cover the entire legal system, albeit it fairly well covers the overwhelming majority of legal relations. For example the branch of private international law (conflict of laws) deals with situations in which the subjects of the legal relationship are not the state and subordinated legal subjects such as taxpayers, criminal offenders, etc., as in public law, or private persons acting in theoretically equal positions such as in private law, but legal systems between which a choice has to be made because the case is factual ly connected to more than one legal system.

An Exercise in Ambiguity

An Exercise in Ambiguity An Exercise in Ambiguity An Exercise in Ambiguity By Maeve Maddox I noticed this headline in the list of breaking news on the Yahoo landing page: Â  Sotomayor wins over GOP backers after smooth hearings At first I read the verb wins as the main verb and over GOP backers as a prepositional phrase. Read that way, the meaning of the headline was that Sotomayor had defeated GOP backers in some kind of competition. But I knew that couldnt be right. For one thing, Sotomayor wasnt competing against anyone in the hearings. For another, one doesnt compete against ones backers. So then I decided that what I had in front of me was the phrasal verb win over, meaning persuade, gain ones support. That made a little more sense, but as far I could recall, Sotomayor went into the hearings without any GOP backers. I clicked on the confusing headline to read the story. I found my answer in the lead: WASHINGTON – Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomayor won her first public pledges of support from Senate Republicans and one prominent GOP opponent, after a smooth performance at her confirmation hearings that has placed her firmly on track to become the high courts first Latina and the first Democratic-named justice in 15 years. Finally, I understood what the headline meant. Sotomayor had acquired some backers from among the Republican senators. The biggest obstacle to understanding for me was the word backers used with the phrasal verb wins over. I could see how she might win backers or win over some Republicans, but not how she could win over backers. If someone is a backer he doesnt need to be won over by the person hes already backing. Not every reader would have boggled at this particular headline as I did. Nevertheless, writers need to be aware of the possibilities for ambiguity that exist with the use of phrasal verbs. Sometimes it is better to replace a phrasal verb with a less ambiguous single verb, especially in writing intended for an audience that includes non-native English speakers. For example, we can put out the cat and put out a light; take out a girl and take out an enemy. Alternatives exist for most phrasal verbs. For example: put the cat outside extinguish a light take a girl on a date kill an enemy You may not always be able to hit on a suitable alternative, but its something to consider when revising a manuscript for clarity. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?When to Form a Plural with an Apostrophe5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

The Largest Countries by Population in 2100

The Largest Countries by Population in 2100 In 2017, the United Nations Population Division released its World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, a set of population projections out to the year 2100 for the planet Earth and for individual countries. The United Nations expects the global population- 7.6 billion as of 2017- to reach 11.2 billion by the year 2100. The report placed current population growth at 83 million people per year. Key Takeaways: The Most Populous Countries in 2100 The U.N. expects the current global population of 7.6 billion to reach 11.2 billion in 2100. Most population growth is expected to take place in a small group of countries, including India, Nigeria, the United States, and Tanzania. In many other parts of the globe, fertility rates are declining, and populations are expected to see little or negative growth. Migration- driven by the effects of climate change and other challenges- is expected to play a larger role in demographic changes over the next century. The United Nations looked at population growth both globally and at the country level. Of the 10 largest countries, Nigeria is growing the fastest and is expected to have a population of nearly 800 million by 2100, making it even larger than the United States. By 2100, the U.N. predicts that only India and China will be larger than Nigeria. The Most Populous Countries in 2100 Current population growth varies wildly from country to country, and the list of the most populous nations in the world is expected to look much different by the turn of the next century. Ranking Country 2100 Population Current Population (2018) 1 India 1,516,597,380 1,354,051,854 2 China 1,020,665,216 1,415,045,928 3 Nigeria 793,942,316 195,875,237 4 United States 447,483,156 326,766,748 5 Democratic Republic of the Congo 378,975,244 84,004,989 6 Pakistan 351,942,931 200,813,818 7 Indonesia 306,025,532 266,794,980 8 Tanzania 303,831,815 59,091,392 9 Ethiopia 249,529,919 107,534,882 10 Uganda 213,758,214 44,270,563 These U.N. projections are based on national censuses and survey data from around the world. They were compiled by the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. The full data is available for download in a customized Excel spreadsheet. Compared to current population estimates and 2050 population projections, note the high number of African countries on this list (five out of the top 10).  While  population growth rates are expected to decline in most countries in the world, African countries by 2100 may not experience much reduction in population growth at all. Even some countries whose growth rates are expected to decline will still become much larger, as their growth rates are already relatively high. Most notably, Nigeria is expected to become the third most populous country in the world, a spot long held by the United States of America. Of the five most populous nations in 2100, five are expected to be African countries. About half of the worlds population growth over the next 30 years is expected to take place in only nine countries: India, Nigeria, the Congo, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, the United States, Uganda, and Indonesia. Reasons for Population Growth In developed nations around the world- including England, France, and Japan- fertility rates are declining, reducing overall population growth. However, some of the decline in growth is being mitigated by longer life expectancies, which have risen to 69 years for men and 73 years for women. The global increase in life expectancies is due to multiple factors, including a reduction in child mortality rates and improved treatment for HIV/AIDS and other diseases. In most developed nations, populations are expected to see minimal or negative growth over the next century. Diminished fertility rates will result in aging populations, with people over the age of 60 making up about 35 percent of Europes population (they currently make up only 25 percent). Meanwhile, the number of people over the age of 80 is expected to increase as well. By 2100, the U.N. predicts there will be about 900 million people in this age cohort around the globe, nearly seven times as many as there are now. Another reason for shifting populations, the U.N. notes, is migration, and the Syrian refugee crisis, in particular, is expected to substantially increase the populations of Syrias neighbors, including Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon. Migration is also expected to take place in other parts of the globe, much of it driven by the effects of climate change. As rising temperatures disrupt ecosystems and increase food insecurity, more and more populations will be displaced, causing demographic changes in affected areas. A 2018 report by the World Bank found that worsening climate change could cause more than 140 million people to become climate migrants by 2050.

A Review of How to Improve E-Commerce Term Paper

A Review of How to Improve E-Commerce - Term Paper Example It has become remarkably easy for people to hack and conduct crimes with the use of technology. Cybercrimes are exceedingly rampant in modern times since everyone is computer savvy and everything is done through the internet. Site security is responsible for making it possible for people, or organizations to conduct business. This paper will review the manner in which it can be made possible. This is through security measures that are put in place to ensure customer data confidentiality. E-commerce is the exchange of goods, services, and products over the internet. This exchange can only be made possible if the internet site that makes this exchange possible is safe (Margherita, 2005). A secure system is ready to make these transactions possible and accomplish them without any side effects. Security is all about the confidentiality, the availability, and integrity of the system (Ghosh, 2001). If these threes aspects are not met, then it is clear that the site security intended to off er security is not dependable. For the audit, helping people understand that people, or organizations value their confidentiality is the most crucial factor. Confidentiality means that whatever happens between the service provider and the clients get whatever they want without having the network oversee what happens between their deals. They cannot, therefore, interfere with the conducting of business. It would be considered a breach of privacy, which is considered a breach in confidentiality (Ghosh, 2001). The other most notable thing is integrity. It is imperative for the sites providing these services to be honest. They are supposed to give the services to clients as they were provided by the service provider. If the services being delivered were to arrive any different from how they were intended, the site’s security would be deemed as incompetent. This means that everyone will be scared of doing business in the way they usually do business. Integrity is the factor that c reates trust among the people or organizations doing online business (Ghosh, 2001). The availability of site security is also something worth noting. It is the availability of security that enables the transactions to be possible. Without them, these transactions would be impossible as crimes would be on the rise. This is since the security systems can be penetrated by anyone with exceptional computer skills and intellect. The site security can impact the conducting of business online with such availability. It can be positive and/or negative. These three aspects are appropriate in the way, and manner that site security can impact the growth and development of e-commerce (Ghosh, 2001). To ensure that the confidential nature of the business is maintained, site security could make some changes to the security systems available. Some of these changes and modifications are aimed at making the clientele feel much safer while conducting some of their businesses. Security features are upgr aded for the complete protection of the customers. These features include; authentication, authorization, and encryption (Smith, 2004). They all lead to the protection of the customers hoping to use the internet to conduct business. Authentication ensures that customers are who they say they are. This is particularly crucial in the site’s security measures to curb the infiltration of customer data. Once this is done, it is extremely easy for customers to access their businesses through the

Modern business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Modern business environment - Essay Example Diversity has thus to be absorbed within the areas of recruitment , legislation and brand equity. Many academics and business professionals have insisted that many that many organizations fail to perceive the relationship between diversity and performance and diversity issues should now be incorporated into the employee training routine. The advantages of diversity cannot be emphasised upon enough because a well planned diversity initiative can bring many positive results to an organization like improved recruiting and retention. A well planned diversity initiative will focus on the core competencies which should underline the diversity initiative. Diversity management thus has to focus upon gaining the knowledge and abilities through its labour force to enable the organization to meet its long time objectives. Diversity would thus also ensure that instead of a bored "affirmative action" plan there is an emphasis on recruitment of the most qualified people, and continuing professional development of the current employees. 2-The text talks about how the Internet has "revolutionized recruitment practice" (Cascio, 2006). Discuss some of the advantages the Internet has provided regarding recruiting. Next, turn to the darker side of the Internet's impact on recruiting and discuss some of the disadvantages/problems with using the Internet as a primary tool in recruiting (20 pts). Internet is famously known as "the network of networks" and has enormously impacted every facet of the society particularly the perception of job applications and work performance. The modern employee is no longer bound to apply through newspaper Advertisements and Xerox a bundle of documents for each application. The modern recruiter has his cell phone, lap top, palm pilot, and of course the Internet and email at his disposal to look for the best. Recruitment Services use on-line screening, and web-based hiring initiatives like the popular Monster Job search and Bright Spyre.This has led to a heavy reliance on online recruitment and manual systems are already out of the way as Recruiters are able to post job openings and job seekers can apply with electronic copies of their resumes. This is very advantageous because Applicants can be screened quickly and efficiently for their skills, abilities and work history Internet will allow the recruiter to conduct key-word searches and quickly cross reference resume information with their specific requirements. The modern candidate is able to apply from the comfort of his own house and find out about his chances of employment in good time. Online recruiting has its cost effectiveness as it cuts down postage fees for the applicant as well as the costs of the recruiter. Newspaper based advertisements can be very expensive and can not be available for more than a few days. The internet gives a chance for global/universal access to people from all walks of life and diverse and a chance to access jobs and resources beyond geographical boundaries with electronic applications. Online recruiting

Blowin' in the Wind by Bob Dylan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Blowin' in the Wind by Bob Dylan - Essay Example "Blowin' in the Wind" was a fantastic piece of talent for the era. The song puts forward questions of moral principles on the earth at the time, warfare, coercion, privileges, etc. The first stanza of the song "How many roads must a man walk down Before you can call him a man" raises the matter, that how difficult it becomes to get respect. It is fundamentally a protest song, which talks about the protesters of the era and how much they suffered to get heard. The poem also mentions about a white dove sailing seas. The dove is considered as a widespread mark for peace. Dylan uses it to show people's anxiety and unrest and their search of peace in that era of war. He compares this situation with a white dove flying around to find a peaceful and safe place. The symbol dove as used in the poem may also be viewed as a biblical reference. Dylan asks even the most tragic and painful questions beautifully as he asked "How many times must the cannon balls fly /Before they're ever banned." Thi s line translates his concern for the people who died or may die due to the war and when would it be ceased forever. In the next few lines he answers his question and declares that the answer can't be seen but it can be observed. He thinks that society can evaluate the answer it is in the surroundings (i.e., in the blowing wind). The second stanza begins with the words "How many times must a man look up /Before he can see the sky" Dylan asks that how much time it would take for men to find out that war doesn't worth the loss countless lives. Dylan goes on with the rhyme of the poem and writes "How many ears must one man have / before he can hear people cry" one more biblical reference can be observed in this line, in Isaiah 6:9 it is stated that those who refuse Jesus Christ will fundamentally be deaf to the humanity but if they get Jesus and unbolt their heart then they shall hears. Isaiah replies to this by stating "Lord, how long" It is about the similar query Dylan inquires about in "Blowin' in the Wind". After this line of the song there is an evident anti-war speech. The losses of soldiers in Vietnam were increasing and the protesters merely wished for a pullout of troops to protect lives. And once again Dylan follows the same rhyme by declaring that the answers are blowing in the wind. The last verse begins with the wordings "How many years can a mountain exist /before it's washed to sea" This is a symbol that entails if the world keeps on fighting and participates in wars; just how extensive will it be until we have ruined ourselves The replication of nearly each verse opening with "how many" pushes the urgency of change on the readers. A further reason for this is to illustrate how exhausted his generation was of the Vietnam War. "How many years can some people exist /before they're allowed to be free" is one more anti-war metaphor. Dylan is declaring that people being sent away to take part in the war and not be able to do what one selects has gone on for very long. The line that tracks this is "How many times can a man turn his head /Pretending he doesn't see" which is yet again an pacifist line. This means that the governments do not pay any attention to the dangers and

Has The Federal Emergency Response Improved 9 11 Criminology Essay

Has The Federal Emergency Response Improved 9 11 Criminology Essay The United States is confronted by many kinds of emergencies every day, emergencies which require prompt actions from emergency responders. These responders may come from different parts of the same local authorities or may come from other authorities. They may come from State or Federal agencies. Nevertheless, despite having come from different authorities and agencies, they need to effectively communicate and work together to get their desired results. The failures of the Federal government during the 9/11 attack serves as an awakening call to all. The 9/11 attack which has struck the whole country emphasizes that there is a need to continuously improve incident management. The history of Federal response procedures indicates that Federal planning concentrates too much on how Federal agencies communicate to one another during such emergencies. However, it did not completely concentrate on incorporating the different levels of government to manage incidents. It did not plan on appro priate working relationships prior to, subsequent to, and all throughout the crisis. Subsequent to the 9/11 attack, endeavoring to provide better incident responses, incident management principles must be revisited to develop a better response framework. This paper will provide a review on how the Federal Response Framework was implemented during the 9/11 attack. In doing so, the paper will explore the history of Federal response procedures, the Federal response to terrorism and the National Response Framework. This paper will also discuss the lessons learned from the 9/11 attack and the improvements made since the terrorist attack. History of Federal Response Procedures The current National Response Framework is a product of a long history of natural and man-made disasters, where existing response procedures were revisited and reassessed consequently following a disaster. The federal governments role in emergency response dates back following the event in 1802 when a Portsmouth, New Hampshire was raged by a large uncontrolled fire. Immediately in 1803, the federal government launched the federal role with The Congressional Act of 1803 (Foster, 2005). A century followed characterized by many natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes and floods, to which the federal government attended to. During the 1960s to the early 1970s, United States faced massive disasters which required major federal response and recovery operations. Thus, legislation were increased to address the concerns that natural disasters bring forth, such as the National Flood Insurance Act in 1968 and the Disaster Relief Act in 1974, to name a few (FEMA, 2009). At this point, however, emergency response procedures were still fragmented. There were more than a hundred federal agencies involved in providing assistance to state to local governments in the event of a disaster. Moreover, many programs and policies within the state and local level were too similar resulting to redundancy as well as compounding the complexity of the federal governments efforts in responding to disasters. The National Governors Association considered cutting the number of agencies to which the state and local government needed to coordinate with. They approached President Jimmy Carter to centralize federal emergency functions (Foster, 2005). With an attempt to improve and streamline federal emergency functions, President Carter signed an Executive Order that created the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). FEMA became responsible for coordinat[ing] the federal governments role in preparing for, preventing, mitigating the effects of, responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters, whether natural or man-made, including acts of terror (FEMA, 2009). In 1988, the Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act was passed, which launched a system wherein a Presidential disaster declaration of an emergency prompted federal financial and material assistance to be released to state and local governments. This act became known as the Federal Response Plan and FEMA has t he primary responsibility of coordinating at least 25 government and non-government agencies. The first few years of FEMA emphasized the complexity of emergency management as FEMA faced many unusual disasters and emergencies such as the contamination of Love Canal, Cuban refugee crisis and disaster at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant (FEMA, 2009). Other disasters it faced were the Loma Prieta Earthquake in 1989 and Hurricane Andrew in 1992. When James Witt became the new FEMA director in 1993, Witt instigated reforms within the agency that reorganized disaster relief and recovery operations to an all-hazards model to make it more efficient, emphasizing on preparedness and mitigation and customer service. After the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, Homeland Security Act of 2002 was passed, which required the consolidation of existing federal government emergency response plans into a single, coordinated national response plan (U.S. Congress, Cited from Lindsay, 2008, p. 3). The act also created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) merging at least 20 agencies into a single department, including FEMA. FEMA, despite being under DHS, still maintained its authority to administer the provisions of the Stafford Act as well as its designation as the forefront agency for the countrys response plan. In December 2004, DHS issued a successor to the Federal Response Plan, entitled the National Response Plan (NRP). The NRP attempts to incorporate all levels of government in a common incident management framework (US Government Printing Office, 2009). Implemented during Hurricane Katrina, the NRP still proved to be inadequate. Nine months after Katrinas landfall, several changes were made to the NRP, which integrated the preliminary lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina. In 2008, DHS published the National Response Framework (NRF) as a guide to how the nation conducts emergency and disaster responses. The NRF replaces the 2004 NRP and revised 2006 NRP (US Government Printing Office, 2009). Federal Response to Terrorism Responding to a terrorist act, whether it involves a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear agent or weapon, entails a wide array of complexities to state and local responders. The current system requires that local police, fire and emergency personnel first respond to the disaster (Haddow, Bullock Coppola, 2006). If the incident overpowers the capabilities of the local responders, they may turn to the state government for assistance and when it becomes too immense for the local and state responders, eventually, they turn to the federal government for assistance. Accordingly, federal agencies may assist through deployment of various teams (GAO, 2000). Figure 1: Relationship between crisis management and consequence management (Larson and Peters, 2001, p. 258) The Federal Response Plan and Terrorism Incident Annex states that the Terrorism Incident Annex endeavors to improve the nations ability to respond rapidly and decisively to terrorism directed against Americans wherever it occurs, arrest or defeat the perpetrators using all appropriate instruments against the sponsoring organizations and governments, and provide recovery relief to victims, as permitted by law (Larson Peters, 2001, p. 259) The Terrorism Incident Annex visualizes a possible flow from crisis management activities to consequence management (See figure 1). Larson and Peters (2001) indicated that the difference between crisis management and consequence management is that crisis management involves measures to identify, acquire, and plan the use of resources needed to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism whereas consequence management, on the other hand, includes measures to protect public health and safety, restore essential government services , and provide emergency relief to governments, businesses, and individuals affected by the consequences of terrorism (Larson Peters, 2001, p. 257). National Response Framework Effective March 22, 2008, the National Response Framework superseded the National Response Plan. The NRF lays out the guiding principles which facilitate all response associates to prepare for and provide an integrated emergency response towards disasters and other emergencies. It institutes an all-inclusive, national, all-hazards approach to domestic incident response. The NRF defines the key principles, roles and structures that systematize how the country responds as one nation. The NRF is built upon the National Incident Management System (NIMS) which provides a standard command and management structure that directly applies to response activities. Accordingly, this system presents a reliable, national template that allows Federal, State, tribal and local governments as well as the private sector and NGOs to collaborate in the preparation, prevention, response, recovery and mitigation of the effects of the incidents regardless of its size, cause, location and/or complexity (US Go vernment Printing Office, 2009). This NRF is needed by, and incorporates under, the larger National Strategy for Homeland Security or Strategy which serves to lead, systematize and unite the countrys homeland security efforts. This strategy mirrors an improved understanding of the threats and challenges facing the United States. It integrates the different lessons learned from exercises and actual disasters. In addition, it expresses how our nation can ensure enduring success through strengthening homeland security. Furthermore, it presents a general framework through which the entire nation should direct its homeland security efforts in achieving the following goals: Prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks. Protect the American people and our critical infrastructure and key resources. Respond to and recover from incidents that do occur. Continue to strengthen the foundation to ensure our long-term success (US Government Printing Office, 2009, p. 12). The NRF is primarily concerned with the third goal which aims to respond to and recover from incidents that do occur. The Strategy necessitates an NRF that facilitates the strengthening of the foundation built for an effective national response, which swiftly evaluate rising incidents, take preliminary actions, develop operations as needed and instigate recovery actions in stabilizing the area. Furthermore, the Strategy also necessitates that the NRF be clearly written, easy to understand and designed to encompass a national scope as it meets the needs of State, local, and tribal governments and the private sector and NGOs, as well as the Federal Government. The Framework is designed to answer and support the Strategy, which must work together impeccably to national, State, tribal, and local preparedness activities. The 9/11 Attack and Emergency Procedures Implemented According to the 9/11 Commission Report (2004), the emergency response at the Pentagon was, in general, effective. The response constituted a combination of local, state and federal jurisdictions. The Arlington County Fire Department served as the incident commander, for obvious reasons on the nature of the event, whereas other agencies involved had different roles. The Department of Justice, on the other hand, became the lead federal agency in charge. Moreover, Arlington County and all bordering and surrounding jurisdictions became involved one way or another during the response procedure. The series of events of the terrorist attack started around 9:37 am when the west wall of the Pentagon was hit by a hijacked American Airlines Flight 77, a Boeing 757. Immediately, the building and the airplane was damaged, killing all 64 people in the plane and 125 people inside the Pentagon. Additionally, there were six people also seriously injured and mobilized to area hospitals. The 9/11 Commission Report justifies the success of the emergency response for three reasons. Firstly, emergency responders were able to build strong professional relationships with one another. Secondly, the Incident Command System was appropriately implemented. And lastly, there was a pursuit of a regional approach to response. Accordingly, many of the fire and police agencies involved had extensive previous experience when it came to collaborating on regional events and training exercises (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004). Several local, regional, state and federal agencies immediately responded to the incident. Along with the county fire, police and sheriffs departments, there was the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Fire Department, Fort Myer Fire Department, the Virginia State Police, the Virginia Department of Emergency Management, the FBI, FEMA, National Medical Response Team, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms and a number of military personnel from the Military District of Washington. Arlington County Emergency Communications Center also communicated with other fire departments from Fairfax County, Alexandria and the District of Columbia for further assistance with the incident. By 9:41, command was already established and the incident command post has already presented a clear picture of the crash site and how to access it. By 9:55, there was an evacuation order of the Pentagon by the incident commander because of the preliminary assessment of a collapse of the building. By 9:57, the building partially collapsed; nevertheless, no first responders were injured. By 10:15, the incident commander ordered a full evacuation of the command post because of warning that another hijacked plane is fast-approaching to the site. The 9/11 Commission Report (2004) noted that the evacuation order was well communicated and well coordinated. In fact, the 9/11 Commission Report stated that a vast number of civilians below the impact zone were able to evacuate the towers. This evacuation was facilitated significantly by the amendments made by the Port Authority in response to the 1993 bombing as well as the training of both Authority personnel and civilians after that incident. The stairwells of unaffected floors remained lighted, whereas other stairwells had glow strips to the handrails and stairs. General evacuation time was approximately less than one hour on September 11 for those who were not trapped or suffering physical disabilities, compared to almost four hours during the 1993 bombing. Nevertheless, there were many problems that arose from the incident. Challenges to which are considered as failures and lessons learned during the 9/11 attack are outlined in the succeeding section: The Challenge of Incident Command The Incident Commander is responsible for the management of the Citys response to emergency; If the incident is so multifaceted that no one agency immediately stands out as the Incident Commander, OEM will assign the role of Incident Commander to an agency as the situation demands (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004, p. 319). To some extent, the Mayors directive for incident command was implemented during the incident response as the FDNY became the lead response agency during the incident. However, the problem was that response operations lacked the type of integrated communications and unified command contemplated in the directive. According to one of the experiences of the first responders to the 9/11 attack, Almost all aspects of communication continue to be problematic, from initial notification to tactical operations. Cellular telephones were of little valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Radio channels were initially oversaturatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ pagers seemed to be the most reliable means of notification when available and used, but most firefighters are not issued pagers (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004, p. 314). Command and Control within First Responder Agencies In any kind of unified incident management system, all participants must possess command and control over its own units and sufficient internal communications. However, during the 9/11 incident, first responder agencies lacked command and control over its own unit and adequate internal communications. FDNY, for example, lacked the experience in responding to an incident like the 9/11 terrorist attack. FDNY was incompetent in organizing the number of units dispatch within the complex (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004). This may be partly caused by the breakdown of internal communications wherein their radios had limited capabilities in a high-rise environment such as that of the WTC. Moreover, there was confusion over the assignation of the different frequencies to the personnel involved. Finally, the FDNY command post died down when the South Tower collapsed, compromising the departments capability to comprehend the status of the incident response. Another example is the Port Authoritys insufficient standard operating procedures and efficient radios to facilitate multiple commands to respond effectively. Many officials while under the tunnels and airports reported that they were not able to understand instructions issued. Moreover, command and control was further complicated when senior Port Authority Police officials decided to participate in frontline rescue operations (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004). NYPD also faced some, although relatively fewer, command and control and communication issues. The department, with its extensive experience in mobilizing thousands of officers during key events necessitating crowd control, was able to adapt more easily to an immense devastating event such as that of the 9/11. However, it is unclear whether NYPD officers were fully well coordinated (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004). Lack of Coordination and Collaboration among First Responder Agencies The Commission reported that there was insufficient comprehensive coordination between NYPD, FDNY and PAPD personnel as they ascended the towers. Information sharing became a critical issue during the 9/11 attack. FDNY officials reported their difficulties in their decision-making due to insufficient information given by the NYPD aviation. NYPD aviation, prior to the collapse of the tower, had already warned at 9:51 that large pieces from the South Tower seemed to fall, which could pose considerable danger to people below. It was only after the towers collapse where FDNY received this message due to internal breakdowns in commnication. This lack of real-time intelligence resulted to more lives lost. The lack of coordination between NYPD, FDNY and PAPD was also evident in terms of searching the complex for civilians as there was redundancy in searching specific floors and areas. Radio Communication Challenges Mentioned earlier, FDNY had significant deficiencies in terms of radio communication. Three factors attributed to the ineffectiveness of communication. First, the effectiveness of communication through the radios were significantly reduced due to the high-rise environment. Second, too many units attempted to communicate to tactical channel 1 at 10:00, overwhelming the frequency. Lastly, many firefigters were on the wrong frequency whereas others simply lacked radios in general (The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004). Protective Technologies The experiences of the first responders during the 9/11 rescue operation illustrated the significant deficit in terms of protection. The responders reported that their personal protective equipments (PPE) hindered their ability to do their jobs. Their overall PPE proved to be incapable of protecting them such that other equipments performed better than others. Head protection as well as high-visibility suits performed well, whereas protective clothing and respirators were not very effective. Protective clothing did not provide enough protection against biological and infectious disease hazards, heat from the fire and demanding physical environment. Moreover, the material used was not light and flexible enough to move through and fro confined spaces. Eye protection, although offering protection against direct impact, did not provide any protection to persistent dust at the site (Jackson, et al., 2002). Improvements since 9/11 Attack Perhaps one of the most significant improvements made since the 9/11 terrorist attack is the issue on airport security which involves preparation to mitigate the risks of terrorism. Airport security has become much tighter than ever (Dempsey, 2007). Travelling has become more secured as access has now been rigorously restricted. One can no longer go straight to the gates and fly. Passengers have to wait in long lines before one can actually go in, whether flying domestically or internationally. Appropriate documents must be presented and authenticated as well (i.e. passports, government issued IDs, and plane tickets). Aside from documents, people as well as their belongings have to undergo vigorous scrutiny and inspection through security screeners and X-ray machines. Dangerous items such as guns, knives, corkscrews and other sharp objects are no longer allowed to be brought inside the airports. Baggages are more frequently searched in random, whereas passengers are performed pat dow ns (Dempsey, 2007). Airplanes are also made more secure than ever, with their hardened cockpits and federal air marshals to ensure the safety of the passengers and guard terrorist acts. Endeavoring to identify possible terrorists and smugglers and prevent them and their baggage from entering the secured parts of the airport and the airplanes, airport officials conduct profiling of passengers. This system develops a personality profile of the traits of terrorists and smugglers and attempts to match the passengers to the profile. Once a passenger matched a certain terrorist or smuggler profile, he or she is detained and subjected to appropriate search and questioning (Dempsey, 2007). Furthermore, all passengers now undergo explosive detections through conducting profiling, visual and physical inspections and canine inspection wherein trained dogs are used in recognizing explosive vapors. Airports now also use different kinds of state-of-the-art x-ray machines and explosive-odor detection devices (Dempsey, 2007). Assessment of the Federal Response Framework after the 9/11 One of the major disasters that hit the country, subsequent to the 9/11 attack, was Hurricane Katrina during 2005. Four years after the terrorist attack of 9/11, the country was hit by a major hurricane. Despite efforts made on equipping the country to minimize the risks of terrorist plots, the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina illustrated how unprepared the country still is. Federal response procedures at the time, even after the 9/11 attack still proved to be inadequate and ineffective. There was lack of preparation within all levels of government (Sellnow, Ulmer, Seeger, Littlefield, 2008). In addition, there was also a lack of coordination and collaboration among the different agencies involved in the incident (Sellnow, et al., 2008). During the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, FEMA was incapable to streamlining the agencies involved and produce timely response and results (Sellnow, et al., 2008). Furthermore, there was a lack of communications and situational awareness (Sellnow, et al., 2008). Farber and Chen (2006) asserted that the problems encountered during the Hurricane Katrina response were not born and/or ended during and after Hurricane Katrina. The failures during the incident response indicate that local, state and federal government still need to work together to continuously improve the system. Conclusions The challenges of different kinds of disasters confront our country every now and then. These challenges continue to test the character and perseverance of American people. History illustrates a long line of failures in emergency management. Nevertheless, as we fail to respond appropriately towards it, we constantly learn from our mistakes and attempt to continuously improve. The 9/11 attack and Hurricane Katrina was an awakening call telling the country to be more prepared to incidents such as these. To answer whether the federal response procedures have improved since the 9/11 attack, there are certainly improvements especially in terms of securing the country from terrorist attacks. Significant changes in airport security proved to be effective in mitigating the risks of terrorism within the country. However, it should be noted that this is not enough. Further planning and training still need to be done for the country to be fully prepared.